A tsarin samar da injunan takarda, biredi daban-daban suna taka muhimmiyar rawa, tun daga cire ruwan da ke cikin yashi mai danshi zuwa saitin yashi mai busasshiyar takarda. A matsayin daya daga cikin manyan fasahohin kirkirar biredi na takarda, "kambi" - duk da cewa akwai ɗan bambancin geometric da ke tattare da shi - kai tsaye yana tantance daidaito da kwanciyar hankali na ingancin takarda. Wannan labarin zai yi cikakken nazari kan fasahar kambi na biredi na takarda daga fannoni na ma'ana, ka'idar aiki, rarrabuwa, manyan abubuwan da ke tasiri a cikin ƙira, da kulawa, yana bayyana mahimmancin sa a cikin samar da takarda.

1. Ma'anar Kambi: Muhimman Aiki a Ƙananan Bambance-bambance

"Kambi" (wanda aka bayyana a Turanci a matsayin "Kambi") yana nufin tsarin siffofi na musamman na birgima na injin takarda a gefen axial (tsawonsa). Diamita na tsakiyar yankin jikin birgima ya ɗan fi girma fiye da na yankunan ƙarshe, yana samar da tsari mai kama da "ganga mai kugu". Wannan bambancin diamita yawanci ana auna shi da micrometers (μm), kuma ƙimar kambi na wasu manyan birgima na latsawa na iya kaiwa har zuwa 0.1-0.5 mm.

Babban alamar auna ƙirar kambi ita ce "ƙimar kambi", wanda aka ƙididdige shi azaman bambanci tsakanin matsakaicin diamita na jikin birgima (yawanci a tsakiyar alkiblar axial) da diamita na ƙarshen birgima. A zahiri, ƙirar kambi ta ƙunshi saita wannan ƙaramin bambancin diamita don daidaita canjin "tsakiyar sag" na birgima wanda abubuwa kamar ƙarfi da canjin zafin jiki ke haifarwa yayin aiki na gaske. A ƙarshe, yana cimma daidaiton rarraba matsin lamba na hulɗa a duk faɗin saman birgima da gidan yanar gizon takarda (ko wasu abubuwan haɗin gwiwa), yana shimfida tushe mai ƙarfi don ingancin takarda.

2. Muhimman Ayyukan Kambi: Magance Nakasa da Kula da Matsi Iri ɗaya

A lokacin aikin na'urorin takarda, nakasa ba makawa ce saboda nauyin injina, canjin zafin jiki, da sauran dalilai. Ba tare da ƙirar kambi ba, wannan nakasa zai haifar da matsin lamba mara daidaito tsakanin saman nada da layin takarda - "matsi mai yawa a ƙarshen biyu da ƙarancin matsin lamba a tsakiya" - wanda ke haifar da matsaloli masu mahimmanci kamar nauyin tushe mara daidaito da kuma rashin daidaiton cire takardar. Babban ƙimar kambi yana cikin ramawa ga waɗannan nakasa, wanda aka nuna musamman a cikin waɗannan fannoni:

2.1 Diyya ga Nauyin Lanƙwasa Na Naɗewa

Lokacin da aka fara amfani da na'urorin takarda na asali, kamar na'urorin bugawa da na'urorin calender, suna aiki, suna buƙatar sanya matsin lamba mai yawa a kan shafin takarda. Misali, matsin lamba mai layi na na'urorin bugawa na iya kaiwa 100-500 kN/m. Ga na'urori masu girman tsayi zuwa diamita (misali, tsawon na'urorin bugawa a cikin na'urorin takarda mai faɗi na iya zama mita 8-12), na'urar jujjuyawar lanƙwasa ƙasa a tsakiya tana faruwa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, kamar "lanƙwasa sandar kafada a ƙarƙashin kaya". Wannan na'urar tana haifar da matsin lamba mai yawa tsakanin ƙarshen na'urar bugawa da shafin takarda, yayin da matsin lamba a tsakiya bai isa ba. Sakamakon haka, shafin takarda yana bushewa da yawa a ƙarshen biyu (wanda ke haifar da bushewa mai yawa da ƙarancin nauyi) kuma yana raguwa a tsakiya (wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin bushewa da babban nauyi).

Duk da haka, tsarin "mai siffar ganga" na ƙirar kambi yana tabbatar da cewa bayan lanƙwasa naɗin, dukkan saman naɗin ya ci gaba da kasancewa a layi ɗaya da layin takarda, wanda ke cimma rarraba matsin lamba iri ɗaya. Wannan yana magance haɗarin inganci da ke tattare da nakasar lanƙwasa.

2.2 ramawa ga nakasar da ke faruwa a lokacin da aka yi amfani da na'urar busar da zafi

Wasu naɗe-naɗe, kamar naɗe-naɗen jagora da naɗe-naɗen calender a ɓangaren busarwa, suna fuskantar faɗaɗawar zafi yayin aiki saboda hulɗa da yanar gizo mai zafi da dumama tururi. Tunda tsakiyar ɓangaren naɗe-naɗen ya fi zafi sosai (ƙarshen yana da alaƙa da bearings kuma yana wargaza zafi da sauri), faɗaɗawar zafi ya fi na ƙarshen, wanda ke haifar da "ƙumburin tsakiya" na jikin naɗe-naɗen. A wannan yanayin, amfani da ƙirar kambi na al'ada zai ƙara ta'azzara matsin lamba na taɓawa mara daidaituwa. Saboda haka, ana buƙatar tsara "kambi mara kyau" (inda diamita na tsakiyar ɓangaren ya ɗan yi ƙasa da na ƙarshen, wanda kuma aka sani da "kambi mai juyawa") don daidaita ƙarin kumburin da faɗaɗawar zafi ke haifarwa, yana tabbatar da matsin lamba iri ɗaya akan saman naɗe-naɗen.

2.3 Diyya ga lalacewar saman birgima mara daidaito

A lokacin aiki na dogon lokaci, wasu biredi (kamar biredi na roba) suna fuskantar gogayya akai-akai a gefunan shafin takarda (saboda gefunan shafin takarda suna ɗauke da ƙazanta), wanda ke haifar da lalacewa da sauri a ƙarshen fiye da tsakiya. Ba tare da ƙirar kambi ba, saman biredi zai nuna "ƙumburi a tsakiya kuma ya faɗi a ƙarshen" bayan lalacewa, wanda hakan ke shafar rarraba matsi. Ta hanyar saita kambin, ana iya kiyaye daidaiton siffar saman biredi a farkon matakin lalacewa, yana tsawaita rayuwar biredi da rage canjin samarwa da lalacewa ke haifarwa.

3. Rarraba Kambi: Zaɓuɓɓukan Fasaha da aka Daidaita da Yanayi daban-daban na Aiki

Dangane da nau'in injin takarda (ƙarancin gudu/babban gudu, kunkuntar faɗi/faɗi), aikin birgima (matsi/kalandar/jagora), da buƙatun tsari, ana iya raba kambi zuwa nau'ikan iri-iri. Nau'ikan kambi daban-daban sun bambanta a cikin halayen ƙira, hanyoyin daidaitawa, da yanayin aikace-aikacen, kamar yadda aka yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin tebur mai zuwa:

4. Muhimman Abubuwan Da Ke Tasiri A Tsarin Kambi: Daidaitaccen Lissafi Don Daidaita Bukatun Samarwa

Ba a saita ƙimar kambi bisa ga son rai ba; yana buƙatar a ƙididdige shi sosai bisa ga sigogin naɗewa da yanayin aiki don tabbatar da ingancin aikinsa. Manyan abubuwan da ke tasiri ga ƙirar kambi sun haɗa da waɗannan fannoni:

4.1 Girman Naɗi da Kayan Aiki

1. Tsawon Jikin Birgima (L): Tsawon jikin birgima, girman nakasar lanƙwasawa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba iri ɗaya, don haka girman ƙimar kambin da ake buƙata. Misali, dogayen birgima a cikin injunan takarda masu faɗi suna buƙatar ƙimar kambi mafi girma fiye da gajerun birgima a cikin injunan takarda masu faɗi don rama lalacewar.
2. Diamita na Jikin Birgima (D): Da zarar girman jikin birgima ya ƙanƙanta, to, ƙarancin tauri, kuma yawan saurin birgima yana raguwa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. Saboda haka, ana buƙatar ƙimar kambi mafi girma. Akasin haka, birgima masu girman diamita suna da ƙarfi mafi girma, kuma ana iya rage ƙimar kambi yadda ya kamata.
3. Taurin Kayan Aiki: Kayayyaki daban-daban na jikin birgima suna da tauri daban-daban; misali, birgima na ƙarfe suna da tauri mafi girma fiye da birgima na ƙarfe da aka yi da siminti. Kayan da ke da ƙarancin tauri suna nuna gagarumin lalacewa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, suna buƙatar ƙimar kambi mafi girma.

4.2 Matsi na Aiki (Matsalar Layi)

Matsin aiki (matsin layi) na biredi kamar na'urorin latsawa da na'urorin calender muhimmin abu ne da ke tasiri ga ƙirar kambi. Girman matsin lamba na layi, haka nan girman na'urar lanƙwasa jikin biredi, kuma ana buƙatar ƙara ƙimar kambi daidai da haka don daidaita na'urar. Ana iya bayyana alaƙar su ta hanyar dabarar da aka sauƙaƙe: Darajar Kambi H ≈ (P×L³)/(48×E×I), inda P shine matsin lamba na layi, L shine tsawon biredi, E shine tsarin roba na kayan, kuma I shine lokacin inertia na biredi na biredi. Misali, matsin lamba na biredi na biredi na takarda marufi yawanci ya fi 300 kN/m, don haka ƙimar kambin da ta dace ya kamata ta fi girma fiye da na biredi na takarda na al'adu tare da ƙaramin matsin lamba na layi.

4.3 Saurin Inji da Nau'in Takarda

1. Gudun Inji: Lokacin da injinan takarda masu sauri (gudun sama da 1200 m/min) ke aiki, layin takarda ya fi saurin kamuwa da daidaiton matsin lamba fiye da na injinan takarda masu ƙarancin gudu. Ko da ƙananan canjin matsin lamba na iya haifar da lahani ga ingancin takarda. Saboda haka, injinan takarda masu sauri yawanci suna amfani da "kambi mai sarrafawa" don cimma diyya ta ainihin lokaci don nakasar da ke canzawa da kuma tabbatar da matsin lamba mai dorewa.
2. Nau'in Takarda: Nau'ikan takarda daban-daban suna da buƙatu daban-daban don daidaiton matsin lamba. Takardar nama (misali, takardar bayan gida mai nauyin tushe na 10-20 g/m²) tana da ƙarancin nauyin tushe kuma tana da matuƙar saurin kamuwa da canjin matsin lamba, tana buƙatar ƙirar kambi mai daidaito. Akasin haka, takarda mai kauri (misali, kwali mai nauyin tushe na 150-400 g/m²) tana da ƙarfi wajen jure canjin matsin lamba, don haka ana iya rage buƙatun daidaiton kambi yadda ya kamata.

5. Matsalolin Daular da Kulawa da Su: Dubawa akan Lokaci don Tabbatar da Ingantaccen Samarwa

Tsarin kambi mara kyau ko kuma rashin kulawa da kyau zai shafi ingancin takarda kai tsaye kuma ya haifar da jerin matsalolin samarwa. Matsalolin kambi da aka saba fuskanta da kuma matakan da suka dace sune kamar haka:

5.1 Babban Darajar Kambi Mai Yawa

Girman kambi mai yawa yana haifar da matsin lamba mai yawa a tsakiyar saman birgima, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin nauyi da bushewar takardar a tsakiya. A cikin mawuyacin hali, yana iya haifar da "rushewa" (karyawar zare), yana shafar ƙarfi da bayyanar takardar.

Matakan hana kai hari: Ga na'urorin da aka gyara na kambin da ake amfani da su a cikin injinan takarda masu ƙarancin gudu, ya zama dole a maye gurbin na'urorin da ƙimar kambin da ta dace. Ga na'urorin da aka sarrafa na'urorin takarda masu saurin gudu, ana iya rage matsin lamba na hydraulic ko pneumatic ta hanyar tsarin kambin da za a iya sarrafawa don rage ƙimar kambin har sai rarraba matsi ya zama iri ɗaya.

5.2 Ƙaramin Darajar Kambi Mai Wuya

Ƙaramin ƙimar kambi yana haifar da rashin isasshen matsi a tsakiyar saman birgima, wanda ke haifar da rashin isasshen cirewar takardar a tsakiya, ƙarancin bushewa, babban nauyi, da lahani na inganci kamar "wurare masu danshi". A lokaci guda, yana iya shafar ingancin aikin busarwa na gaba.

Matakan hana kai hari: Ga na'urorin da aka gyara na'urorin, ana buƙatar sake sarrafa jikin na'urar don ƙara darajar na'urar. Ga na'urorin da aka sarrafa na'urorin, ana iya ƙara matsin lamba na hydraulic ko pneumatic don ƙara darajar na'urar, don tabbatar da cewa matsin lamba a tsakiya ya cika buƙatun aikin.

5.3 Rashin Daidaito na Tsarin Kambun

Bayan aiki na dogon lokaci, saman birgima zai fuskanci lalacewa. Idan lalacewar ba ta daidaita ba, siffar kambin za ta lalace, kuma "tabobi marasa daidaito" za su bayyana a saman birgima. Wannan yana ƙara haifar da lahani kamar "rataye" da "ɓangarorin" a kan takardar, wanda hakan ke shafar ingancin bayyanar takardar sosai.

Matakan hana kai hari: A duba saman birgima akai-akai. Idan lalacewar ta kai wani mataki, a niƙa saman birgima a kan lokaci sannan a gyara shi (misali, a sake niƙa kambin birgima na robar da aka matse) don dawo da siffar da girman kambin da ya dace da kuma hana lalacewa da yawa daga shafar samarwa.

6. Kammalawa

A matsayin wata fasaha mai sauƙi amma mai mahimmanci, kambin na'urorin takarda shine ginshiƙin tabbatar da ingancin takarda iri ɗaya. Daga kambin da aka gyara a cikin injunan takarda masu ƙarancin gudu zuwa kambin da za a iya sarrafawa a cikin injunan takarda masu sauri da faɗi, ci gaba da haɓaka fasahar kambi koyaushe yana mai da hankali kan babban burin "rama lalacewa da cimma matsin lamba iri ɗaya", daidaitawa da buƙatun yanayi daban-daban na aiki na yin takarda. Tsarin kambi mai kyau ba wai kawai yana magance matsalolin inganci kamar nauyin tushen takarda mara daidai ba da rashin ruwa mai kyau amma kuma yana inganta ingancin aiki na injunan takarda (rage yawan karyewar takarda) da rage amfani da makamashi (guje wa bushewa da yawa). Babban tallafi ne na fasaha mai mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban masana'antar takarda zuwa "ingantaccen inganci, inganci mai yawa, da ƙarancin amfani da makamashi". A cikin samar da takarda na gaba, tare da ci gaba da inganta daidaiton kayan aiki da ci gaba da inganta hanyoyin aiki, fasahar kambi za ta zama mafi inganci da wayo, tana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban masana'antar takarda mai inganci.